Having + Past participle.

We can combine two sentences using this structure.  When the subjects of the two sentences are the same,  ‘Having ‘ comes at the beginning of the sentence when combined and when they are different, the subject of the first sentence comes at the beginning immediately followed by ‘Having’.  If the first sentence is in the Passive ,  ‘Having been + past participle’ is used instead of the normal ‘Having + Past participle’.

Examples – when the subjects of the two sentences are the same.

• He finished the work.  Then he went to sleep.
• Having finished the work, he went to sleep. (i.e After finishing the work , he went to sleep. OR. As he finished the work, he went to sleep)
• He resigned his government job.  Then he joined a private firm.
• Having resigned his government job, he joined a private firm.(combined)
• He was dismissed from service.  So he started his own business.
• Having been dismissed from service, he started his own business.( Passive – combined)
• He was hospitalised.  So he applied for leave.
• Having been hospitalised, he applied for leave.( Passive – combined)

Examples – when the subjects of the two sentences are different.

• All the customers went out.  Then the shopkeeper closed the shop.
• All the customers having gone out, the shopkeeper closed the shop.(combined)
• She finished her homework.  Then her mother took her for a magic show.
• She having finished her homework, her mother took her for a magic show.(combined)
• The rain started.  Then the girls stopped playing.
• The rain having started, the girls stopped playing.(combined)
• His father was dismissed from service.  Then he had to seek a job urgently.
• His father having been dismissed from service,  he had to seek a job urgently.(Passive – combined)
• Her husband was hospitalised.  As a result, she had to attend to his business.
• Her husband having been hospitalised, she had to attend to his business. (Passive – combined)