Petrol = it is a liquid which is used as a fuel for motor vehicles.

• There is a choice of petrol and diesel engines.
• The car was fully supplied with petrol and water.
• We had to stop at the next petrol station.
• petrol fumes/tank.

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Patrol = ( especially of soldiers or the police) to go around an area or a building to see if there is any trouble or danger.

• The soldiers on patrol duty.
• The whole area is patrolled by the CRPF because of the possibility of riots.
• The police found a deserted car while on patrol after midnight.
• Security guards are posted to patrol the folklore museum consequent to the threat from militants.

Note:- Petrol- the stress is at the first syllable.;  Patrol – the stress is at the second syllable.

Effluent :- liquid waste or sewage discharged from factories, usually flown into rivers, lakes or the sea.

• The ruthless and profit oriented factory owners usually let the effluents flow into rivers.
• Industrial effluents and sewage remain a big problem for the local administrative bodies.
• Exemplary punishments should be meted out if toxic effluents are allowed to be flown into water bodies.

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Affluent :- wealthy, rich, well-off.

• Affluent nations of the world offered financial assistance to Kerala to tide over the worst-ever flood crisis.
• He is from an affluent family in Thodupuzha.
• When I went through the affluent area of the city, I could see large houses and expensive cars.
• The diet of the affluent has undergone changes subsequent to the high incidence of life-style diseases.

Emotional = (of persons) having feelings that are easily excited and openly displayed.

• I have just been so emotional.
• He talked in a voice with emotional vibrations.
• Neethu easily gets emotional when it comes to her daughter’s health.
• He gave his son emotional support when his plans backfired on him.

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Emotive = Likely to cause high emotions or arousing or able to arouse intense feelings.

• He used highly emotive language to stir the public feelings.
• Human trafficking is a highly emotive issue capturing public attention.

Qualified  = (1) certified, officially recognized;  having the necessary qualifications.

• There is a training programme for the newly qualified doctors.
• He’s a highly qualified engineer.
• We’ve to verify his academic qualifications before giving him such a responsible job.
• I am not qualified to give you advice on technical aspects of your project.
• Previous experience is an essential qualification for this job.
• She has all the right qualifications to be a good teacher.

(2) limited, not complete or absolute ; modified in some way.

• The auditor gave a qualified report on the balance sheet of the company.(i.e he gave a report with some comments)
• We can accept the proposal only with some qualifications on the terms of payment of rent. (i.e can be accepted only with some changes/conditions)
• A qualified approval. ( approval with some limiting factors)

Unqualified  = not having suitable knowledge or qualifications.

• He is quite unqualified to talk on this subject.
• The Bank would not permit an unqualified accountant to audit its books.

(2)  total; without limitation or reservation.

• The auditor gave an unqualified report on the balance sheet. (  i.e  a report without comments)
• The proposal has the unqualified support of the entire team. (i.e full support)

Related usages:

Qualify = to have or achieve the necessary skills etc.

• This course will qualify you to work in a bank.
• She doesn’t qualify for LFC/LTC  benefits before putting in the prescribed period of service.

Disqualify = to stop someone from being in a competition/ or doing something.

• He has been disqualified from the championship.
• His bad behaviour resulted in the disqualification.

Publish = have (a book, periodical etc) printed and announce that it is for sale.

• He kept his writings with him and made no efforts to publish them.
• The University will soon publish the results  and the students can have them without further delay.
• The author found the cost of publishing by himself very high.  So he sold the patent to a publisher.

(2) make known to the public (limited usage).

• Publish the banns of marriage = announce formally in a church the names of persons shortly to be married.

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Publicise = give publicity to;  bring to the attention of the public.

• They’ve worked day and night to publicise their election campaign.
• He printed an excellent leaflet to publicise his pioneering work and its potentialities.
• Television and media have been under government control not to publicise controversies about the military and security matters.

Title = the name given to a book ,painting, play, composition or other artistic works etc.

• The author decided the title of the book.
• The report published was titled ” Planning and Execution”
• The title of the play is ” King Lear”.
• The author’s name was printed below the title.
• There was a book I wanted to buy, but now I can’t remember the title.

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Caption =brief explanation accompanying an illustration, cartoon or poster.

• The caption of the picture was ” Funny Creatures”.
• The photograph was captioned ” Sunny with Tomi and Baby at Taj Mahal.
• Though the photographs are beautiful , the captions given don’t match with them.
• They captioned the photograph ” The Foster father”.